Food Colour and Appearance

1 Food Colour and Appearance in Perspective.- The Evolution of Food Colour.- The Physiological Role of Pigments.- Food Colour and the Use of Food Colorants.- Rules Governing Other Appearance Attributes.- The Relative Importance of Appearance, Flavour and Texture as Product Attributes.- Colour in Food Packaging.- Food Colour in the English Language.- References.- 2 The Philosophy of Total Appearance.- The Place of Appearance in Total Perception.- Factors Affecting Total Appearance.- Light Source Properties.- Object Properties.- Receptor Mechanisms.- Inherited and Learned Responses: Cultural anthropology and food appearance; Colour and appearance associations and symbolisms.- Immediate Environmental Factors.- Product Images.- Total Appearance Philosophy and the Gestalt.- Mathematical Calculation of Consumer Images.- Need, Desirability and Market Stimulus Value.- Connotative Meanings of Objects.- Acceptance.- Quality.- Total Appearance as a Science.- References.- 3 Light and Interaction with Materials.- Light and Lighting.- Black Body Radiators.- Standard Illuminants.- Practical Light Sources.- Absorption and Scattering of Light.- Absorption.- Scattering.- The Kubelka-Munk Theory for Multiple Scattering.- Correcting for the Regularly Reflected Component.- Delayed Light Emission.- References.- 4 Vision.- The Eye.- Colour Perception.- Basic Colour Attributes.- Colour Constancy and Chromatic Adaptation.- Contrast Phenomena.- Colour Memory.- Colour Harmony.- Colour Vision Deficiency.- References.- 5 Sensory Evaluation of Appearance- Methodology.- Panel Selection, Screening and Training.- Factors Affecting Panel Performance.- The Halo Effect: Types of halo effect; Psycho physical relationships between colour and flavour.- Expert Tasters as Predictors of Consumer Response.- Physical Requirements for Food Appearance Assessment.- Lighting for Appearance Assessment.- Types of Sensory Test.- Discrimination and Descriptive Testing.- Affective (Preference and Acceptance) Testing.- Statistics and Mathematics in Appearance Sensory Testing.- References.- 6 Appearance Profile Analysis and Sensory Scales.- Colour and Appearance Memory Descriptors and Scales.- Visual Structure: Produce sorting; Product definition; Defini-tions of structural defects.- Visual Texture.- Visual Flavour.- Translucency.- Gloss.- Colour.- Colour Uniformity.- Examples of Appearance Profile Analysis.- Appearance Comparative Scales.- Colour Atlases: Royal Horticultural Society charts; The Mun-sell system and atlas; The Natural Colour System (NCS); An atlas for the foods and allied industries.- Scales and Anchors for Specific Foods.- References.- 7 Instrumental Specification.- Colour Measurement.- Tristimulus and Spectrophotometric Measurement.- Instrumental Factors.- Dominant Wavelength and Purity Calculations.- Discrimination of Colour Attributes.- Properties of the Chromaticity Diagram.- Uniform Chromaticity Space and Uniform Colour Scales.- Colour Difference Calculation.- Measurements and Perceptual Correlates.- Subtractive Colorimetry.- Metamerism.- Fluorescence.- Translucency.- Gloss.- Colour Measuring Instruments used for Foods.- References.- 8 Colour Specification of Food.- The Sample and the Instrument.- Colour Measurement of Opaque Samples.- Colour Measurement of Transparent Samples.- Colour Measurement of Translucent Samples.- Understanding Sensory Quality.- Visualizing Tristimulus Coordinates.- The Three Dimensional Nature of Colour Change.- Occurrence of Multimodal Populations.- Confusion Caused by Too Wide a Range of Samples.- The Colour of Translucent Materials.- Relationships Between Hedonic Assessments and Instrumental Measurements.- Use of Colour Difference Equations.- Understanding Process Materials-Quality Determination and Control.- Isolating the Most Sensitive Tristimulus Dimension: Control systems based on one dimension; Control systems based on two dimensions; Control systems based on three dimensions.- Measurements made at Specific Wavelengths.-