Structure Formation in Alloys

I. General Concepts of the Structure of an Alloy.- 1. Gaseous, Liquid, and Solid States.- 2. Solutions and Intermediate Phases.- 3. Shape of Structural Components, Defects, and Grain Boundaries.- 4. Structure and Properties of Alloys.- II. Some Concepts of Thermodynamics.- 1. Internal Energy and Entropy.- 2. Free Energy and Chemical Potentials.- 3. Thermodynamic Activity and the Activity Coefficient.- 4. Surface Energy.- III. Phase Equilibria and Phase Diagrams.- 1. Equilibrium Conditions of a System.- 2. Effect of Intermolecular Interaction on the Shape of the Phase Diagram.- 3. Solubility of the Phases of the Alloy.- 4. Intermediate Phases on the Equilibrium Diagram.- 5. The Approximation of the Theory.- IV. Nonequilibrium State.- 1. Metastability.- 2. Some Information on the Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes.- 3. Problems of Kinetics.- 4. Coefficient of Diffusion and Heat Conductivity..- 5. Supercooled and Supersaturated Systems, Reaction Rates.- V. Mechanism and Kinetics of Phase Transformations.- 1. Formation of Nuclei.- 2. Crystal Growth.- 3. Different Types of Crystal Growth.- 4. Crystal Growth during Phase Transformation.- VI. Structure Formation in Alloys.- 1. Intracrystalline Liquation.- 2. Some Concepts of the Formation of the Structure of Alloys at High Degrees of Supercooling...- 3. Experimental Results on Structure Formation in Alloys Crystallized from Highly Supercooled Solutions.- 4. Singularities of the Crystallization Process of Alloys at High Degrees of Supercooling.- 5. Transformations in Systems with Intermediate Phases. Double Phase Diagrams.- VII. Kinetics of Coalescence and Determination of the Surface Tension at the Boundary of Solid Phases.- 1. Coalescence.- 2. Experimental Data on the Kinetics of Coalescence.- 3. Surface Tension at Cementite-Ferrite, Cementite-Austenite, and Graphite-Austenite Boundaries.- 4. Surface Tension at the Austenite-Ferrite Boundary.- 5. Approximate Equations for Determining the Values of Surface Tension.- VIII. Nonequilibrium Structure of Graphite-Forming Alloys.- 1. Formation and Growth of Graphite Nuclei.- 2. Surface Crystallization of Graphite and the Role of Defects.- 3. Method of Investigation.- 4. Carbon Due to Precipitation.- IX. Transformation of the Metastable System into the Stable State.- 1. The Stability of Metastable Systems.- 2. Rate of Transformation into the Equilibrium State.- 3. Carbon Due to Annealing.- References.