Physical Metallurgy of Refractory Metals and Alloys

I. Natural Resources and Methods of Producing Refractory Metals.- Natural Resources and Principal Minerals.- Production Methods.- Literature Cited.- II. Interatomic Bond, Crystal Structure, and Principal Physical Properties of Refractory Metals.- Interatomic Bond in Transition Metals.- Crystal Structure.- Physical Properties.- Compatibility of Refractory Metals and Alloys with arious Materials.- Mechanical Properties.- Recrystallization of Refractory Metals.- Effect of Irradiation on the Properties of efractory Metals.- Literature Cited.- III. Physicochemical Interaction of Refractory Metals with Elements of the Periodic System.- Present State of the Theory of Metal Alloys.- Characteristics of the Methods of Investigating Refractory etal Alloys.- Interaction of Refractory Metals of Groups IV-VIII (in the Limits of Each Group).- Interaction between Metals of Groups Va and VIa and Their Interaction with Metals of Other Groups.- Interaction of Rhenium with Other Refractory Metals.- Some Ternary and Multicomponent Systems of Refractory Metals.- Interaction of Refractory Metals with Interstitial Impurities.- Literature Cited.- IV. The Problem of Cold Brittleness of Refractory Metals and Alloys.- Cold Brittleness of Metals and the Interatomic Bond.- Methods of Determining the Ductile - Brittle Transition Temperature.- Factors Affecting the Ductile - Brittle Transition Temperature.- Methods of Combating Cold Brittleness in Refractory Metals.- Literature Cited.- V. Single Crystals of Refractory Metals and Alloys.- Methods of Growing Metal Single Crystals.- Specific Features of the Zone-Refining Process.- Production of Molybdenum and Tungsten Single Crystals.- Estimation of Purity and Degree of Perfection of Metal Single Crystals.- Substructure of Refractory Metal Single Crystals.- Growing of Refractory Metal Single Crystals of Given Crystallographic Orientation.- Influence of Plastic Deformation on the Structure of Tungsten and Molybdenum Single Crystals.- Deformation of Rhenium Single Crystals.- Influence of Impurities on the Substructure of Deformed Refractory Metal Single Crystals.- Mechanical and Other Properties of Metal Single Crystals.- Anisotropy of the Properties of Single Crystals of Metals Having a Body-Centered Cubic Lattice.- Production and Properties of Refractory Metal Alloy Single Crystals.- Production of Semifinished Products of Tungsten and Molybdenum Single Crystals and Their Properties.- Literature Cited.- VI. Alloys of Refractory Metals.- Chromium-Based Alloys.- Molybdenum-Based Alloys.- Tungsten-Based Alloys.- Rhenium Alloys.- Vanadium-Based Alloys.- Niobium-Based Alloys.- Tantalum-Based Alloys.- Alloys Based on Titanium, Zirconium, and Hafnium.- Alloys Based on the Noble Metals.- Metallic Compounds.- Metals of SAP Type (Metal- Metal Oxide).- Protection of Refractory Metals and Alloys from Oxidation.- Literature Cited.- VII. Melting and Treatment of Refractory Metals and Alloys.- Melting and Casting of Refractory Metals and Alloys.- Pressure Working of Refractory Metals and Alloys.- Heat Treatment of Refractory Metals and Alloys.- Welding and Soldering of Refractory Metals.- Literature Cited.- Conclusion.