Beryllium Science and Technology: Volume 1

1 - Introduction.- 2 - Flow and Fracture of Single Crystals.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Nature of Interatomic Bondings in Beryllium.- 3. General Mechanical Behavior of Hexagonal Metals with Respect to Beryllium.- 3.1. Crystallography.- 3.2. Deformation Modes.- 3.3. Stacking Faults.- 3.4. Primary Slip Systems.- 3.5. Secondary Slip Systems.- 3.6. Fracture Modes.- 3.7. Conclusion.- 4. General Aspects for Testing Beryllium Single Crystals.- 4.1. Crystal Orientation.- 4.2. Geometry of Specimens.- 4.3. Strain Rate.- 4.4. Strain Resolution.- 4.5. Purity.- 5. Basal Slip (0001) ?112?0?.- 5.1. Critical Resolved Shear Stress.- 5.2. Stress-Strain Behavior.- 5.3. Strain at Fracture.- 6. Prismatic Slip {101?0} ?112?0?.- 6.1. Critical Resolved Shear Stress.- 6.2. Stress-Strain Behavior.- 6.3. Strain at Fracture.- 7. Pyramidal Slip {112?2} ?112?3?.- 7.1. Critical Resolved Shear Stress.- 7.2. Stress-Strain Behavior.- 7.3. Strain at Fracture and Pyramidal Fracture.- 8. Twinning.- 9. Fracture.- 9.1. Basal Cleavage.- 9.2. {112?0} Prismatic Cleavage.- 9.3. Pyramidal Fracture.- 9.4. Twin Boundary Cleavage.- 10. The Brittleness Problem in Beryllium.- References.- 3 - Flow and Fracture of Polycrystalline Beryllium.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Atomic Structure.- 3. Single Crystals.- 3.1. Deformation and Failure Mechanisms.- 3.2. Purity.- 3.3. Taylor-von Mises Criterion.- 4. Bicrystals.- 4.1. Deformation Behavior.- 5. Polycrystals.- 5.1. Single Crystal-Poly crystal Correlation.- 5.2. Ductility Improvement.- 6. Structures.- 7. Summary.- References.- 4 - Grain Size Effects.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Polycrystalline Strength.- 2.1. Taylor Orientation Factor.- 2.2. Resistance of Grain Boundaries to Deformation.- 2.3. Grain Boundary Structure.- 3. Grain Size Development and Measurement in Beryllium.- 3.1. Grain Size Development.- 3.2. Grain Size Measurement.- 4. Uniaxial Tensile Properties.- 4.1. Strengths.- 4.2. Ductility.- 4.3. Brittle-to-Ductile Transition.- 5. Other Properties.- 5.1. Indentation Hardness.- 5.2. Impact Properties.- 5.3. Superplasticity.- 6. Summary.- References.- 5 - Impurity Effects in Beryllium.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Distribution of Impurity Phases.- 2.1. General Remarks.- 2.2. Low-Solubility Metallic Impurities.- 2.3. Soluble Metallic Impurities.- 2.4. Nonmetallic Impurities.- 2.5. The Ternary Al-Fe-Be Compound.- 3. Effect of Specific Impurities upon Mechanical Behavior.- 3.1. Fe/Al Effects at Room and Elevated Temperatures.- 3.2. Yield Point Phenomena.- 3.3. Effects of BeO.- 3.4. Effects of Low-Melting Impurities and BeO in High-Temperature Creep and Beryllium Powder Consolidation.- 4. Overall Purity Levels and Mechanical Behavior.- References.- 6 - Recrystallization and Grain Growth in Beryllium.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Recrystallization.- 2.1. Microstructural Changes during Recrystallization.- 2.2. Property Changes during and after Recrystallization.- 2.3. Factors Affecting Recrystallization Temperature.- 3. Grain Growth.- 4. Recommendations for Future Work.- 5. Summary.- References.- 7 - Constitution of Beryllium and Its Alloys.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Crystal Structure.- 3. Electronic Structure.- 3.1. Influence of Temperature and Pressure.- 3.2. Influence of Alloying.- 4. Phase Stability.- 4.1. Phase Transformations.- 4.2. Heat Capacity.- 4.3. Vapor Pressure.- 4.4. Enthalpy and Entropy.- 4.5. Relative Phase Stability.- 4.6. Influence of Pressure.- 4.7. Influence of Alloying.- 5. Solid Solubility.- 6. Intermetallic Phases.- 7. Binary Phase Diagrams.- 7.1. Silver-Beryllium.- 7.2. Aluminum-Beryllium.- 7.3. Boron-Beryllium.- 7.4. Beryllium-Cobalt.- 7.5. Beryllium-Copper.- 7.6. Beryllium-Iron.- 7.7. Beryllium-Nickel.- 7.8. Beryllium-Silicon.- 8. Ternary Phase Diagrams and Intermetallic Phases.- Bibliography of Ternary Beryllium Phase Diagrams.- References.- 8 - Elevated Temperature Behavior.- 1. Introduction.- 2. High-Purity Beryllium.- 2.1. Definition.- 2.2. Tensile Properties.- 2.3. Creep.- 3. Low-Purity (Ingot) Beryllium.- 3.1. Definition.- 3.2.