Water Purification by Ion Exchange

1. Industrial Waters.- Hard Water.- Soft Water.- Units.- Typical Waters and Their Uses.- Laundering, Wool Scouring, Bottle Washing, etc..- Chemical Processing, Metal finishing, etc..- Boiler Feed Water.- 2. The Ion Exchange Process.- The Development of Ion Exchange Resins.- 3. Equilibria and Kinetics, as Applied to Water Treatment.- General Cation Exchange.- Hydrogen Ion Exchange, Sulphonic Resin.- Hydrogen Ion Exchange, Carboxylic Resins.- General Anion Exchange.- Hydroxide Ion Exchange, Strong Base Resins.- Acid Absorption, Weak Base Resins.- Kinetics.- 4. Unit Water Treatment Processes.- Water Softening by Sodium Exchange.- Alkalinity Removal with Carboxylic Resins.- Sulphonic Resins.- Hydrogen Ion Exchange.- Acid Absorption by Weak Base Resins.- Acid Absorption by Strong Base Resins.- Mixed Beds.- 5. Combination Processes.- 1. Weak Acid Cation. Sodium Exchange Cation. Degas (WAC-Na-DG).- 2. Strong Acid Cation. Weak Base Anion. Degas (SAC-WBA-DG).- 3. Strong Acid Cation. Degas. Strong Base Anion (SAC-DG-SBA).- 4. Strong Acid Cation. Weak Base Anion. Degas. Mixed Bed (SAC-WBA-DG-MB).- 5. Strong Acid Cation. Degas. Strong Base Anion Mixed Bed (SAC-DG-SBA-MB).- 6. Weak Acid Cation. Degas. Mixed Bed (WAC-DG-MB).- 7. Weak Acid Cation. Strong Acid Cation. Degas. Anion. Mixed Bed (WAC-SAC-Degas-(WBA)-MB) (SBA2) (SBA1).- 8. Strong Acid Cation. Weak Base Anion. Mixed bed. Mixed Bed (SAC-WBA-MB-MB).- 9. Strong Acid Cation. Degas. Weak Base Anion. Strong Base Anion (SAC-DG-WBA-SBA).- 6. Organic Poisoning of Anion Exchange Resins.- The Problem.- Organic Matter in Water.- Poisoning of Resins.- Cleaning Poisoned Resins.- The Effect of Resin Structure.- Non-poisoning Resins.- The Protection of Mixed Beds.- Prevention of Poisoning, Summary.- 7. Equipment and Special Processes.- Standard Resin Columns.- Counterflow Units.- Continuous Ion Exchange.- Advantages of Continuous Ion Exchange.- Special Problems of Continuous Ion Exchange.- Types of Continuous Plant.- Condensate Polishing for High Pressure Boilers.- Brackish Water Desalination by Ion Exchange.- Electrodialysis.- 8. Industrial Applications.- The Treatment of Water-Soluble Organic Compounds.- Recovery of Water and By-products from Industrial Wastes.- Chromium Plating, Recovery of Water.- Anodizing, Recovery of Water and Chromic Acid.- Gold Plating, Recovery of Gold.- Photographic Solutions, Recovery of Silver.- Reactivition of Metal Finishing Solutions.- Recovery of Metals by Complex Anion Formation.- Elution Chromatography.- Ion Exchange as a Manufacturing Process.- Liquid Liquid Ion Exchange.