Progress in Medical Radiation Physics. Vol.2

1-I. The Tracking Cobalt Project: From Moving-Beam Therapy to Three-Dimensional Programmed Irradiation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Establishing Moving-Beam Techniques at the Royal Northern Hospital, 1945-1955.- 2.1. Alternative Moving-Beam Techniques.- 2.2. Conical-Rotation Therapy.- 2.3. Rotating-Chair Therapy.- 2.4. Arc or Pendulum Therapy.- 2.5. Relative Percentage Depth Doses Achieved.- 3. The Tracking Concept and the Operation of the Mark I Tracking Machine, 1957-1959.- 3.1. The Spread of Malignant Disease.- 3.2. Realization of the Tracking Principle.- 3.3. Achieving Uniform Dosage along the Track.- 3.4. Practical Application of the Tracking Technique.- 4. Steps Toward an Improved Tracking Machine, 1960-1965.- 4.1. The Need for Penetrating Radiation.- 4.2. Developing an Improved Control System.- 4.3. An Appeal for Funds for the Tracking Cobalt Project.- 4.4. Consultations and Study Tour.- 4.5. The Need for Elliptical Dose Contours.- 5. Dosimetry and Treatment Planning for the Mark II Tracking Machine.- 5.1. Achieving Elliptical Dose Contours-the Approach Adopted.- 5.2. Sectional Dose Computations.- 5.3. Sectional and Track Dose Measurements.- 5.4. Track Dosage.- 6. Alternative Approaches to Conformation Therapy under Parallel Development Elsewhere-Synchronous Beam-Shaping and Shielding.- 7. Constructing and Installing the Mark II Tracking Machine, 1965-1970.- 8. Commissioning and Using the Mark II Tracking Machine, 1970-1975.- 8.1. The Tracking Cobalt Unit.- 8.2. Commissioning the TCU.- 8.3. Examples of Treatment Applications.- 9. Developing and Commissioning the Mark III Tracking Cobalt Machine, 1975-1980.- 9.1. Limitations of the Mark II Machine.- 9.2. Developing the Mark III Tracking Machine.- 9.3. Treatment Planning by Computer.- 9.4. Funding, Constructing, Installing, and Commissioning the CCTCU.- 9.5. Clinical Indications of Conformation Therapy.- 9.6. Examples of Dose Distributions Achieved with the CCTCU.- 9.7. Recent Developments.- 10. Alternative Approaches to Computer-Controlled Radiotherapy.- References.- 1-II. Physical Aspects of Conformation Therapy Using Computer-Controlled Tracking Units.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods for Achieving Conformation Therapy Using Photon Beams.- 2.1. Basic Requirements for Controlling Dose Distributions in Three Dimensions.- 2.2. A Brief Comparison of Conformation Therapy Systems.- 3. Representing Three-Dimensional Treatment Parameters.- 3.1. The "Ideal" Beam.- 3.2. Exposure-Time Profiles, Exposure-Dose Profiles, and Absorbed-Dose Profiles.- 3.3. Radial Time and Exposure-Weighting Diagrams.- 3.4. Combining Axial Exposure-Time Profiles.- 3.5. Combining Tracks Using Exposure-Time Profiles.- 3.6. Combining Axial Exposure-Time Profiles and Transverse-Plane Exposure-Time Profiles.- 4. Controlling Radiotherapy Dose Distributions in Three Dimensions Using a Computer-Controlled Tracking Unit.- 4.1. Slice-by-Slice or Field-by-Field Treatment and Planning.- 4.2. Controlling the Shape of the High-Dose Volume.- 4.3. Controlling the Dose Distribution along the Tumor Axis.- 4.4. The End-of-Track Technique.- 5. A Note on Treatment-Planning Strategy.- 5.1. Thin-Slice and Thick-Slice Planning.- 5.2. Slice-by-Slice Treatment Planning.- 5.3. Field-by-Field Treatment Planning.- 6. Basic Treatment Methods.- 6.1. Machine Operational Modes.- 6.2. Some Basic Treatment Techniques.- 7. Some Examples of Physics Planning Procedures.- 7.1. Planning an Arc Track.- 7.2. Planning a Multitrack Treatment.- 7.3. Planning a Bifurcated Track.- 7.4. A Note on the Transverse-Plane Track.- 8. Tumor (Target) Localization.- 8.1. General Considerations.- 8.2. Tumor Localization for Treatment Planning Using a CT Scanner.- 8.3. Treatment Simulation.- 9. The Experimental Verification of Treatment Plans.- 9.1. Objectives.- 9.2. Choice of Test Phantoms and Dosimeters.- 9.3. Current Measurement Procedures.- 9.4. Dose Measurements Using a Simple Phantom.- References.- 1-III. Computer Systems for the Control of Teletherapy Units.