Surface Modified Carbons as Scavengers for Fluoride from Water

1 An overview on defluoridation of drinking water.- 2 - Fluoride a world ubiquitous compound its chemistry and ways of contamination.- 3 Health effects of direct or indirect fluoride ingestion.- 4 Methods of defluoridation Adsorption and regeneration of adsorbents.- 5 Syntheses and characterization of surface modified carbon materials.- 6 Applications of surface modified carbons in defluoridation.- 7 Adsorption investigations kinetic and isotherm models determination of thermodynamic parameters.- 8 Proposed mechanisms on fluoride sorption.- 9 Cost benefit analyses and comparative study on sorption capacity with other modified carbons.- 10 Treatment of fluorosis disease and prevention of negative effects (of fluoride ingestion).- 11 Conclusions and recommendations for further researches and development in defluoridation processes.