Advanced Biological Processes for Wastewater Treatment: Emerging, Consolidated Technologies and Intr

Chapter 1. Introduction

1.1. References

Chapter 2. Membrane Bioreactors - MBR

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Types of membrane bioreactors

2.3. Current stage technology

2.4. Fouling in MBRs

2.4.2. Fouling formation in MBRs

2.4.3. Extracellular polymeric substances and soluble microbial products

2.4.4. Operating modes and fouling control

2.5. Activated carbon in MBRs

2.6. MBBR-MBR

2.7. Future advances of the MBR technology

2.8. References

3.1. Context and introduction to MBBR process

3.2. MBBR working principles

3.3. Supports used in MBBR systems

3.4. Operational aspects

3.4.1. Filling ratio (VS/VR) or filling fraction (%)

3.4.2. MBBR hydrodynamics

3.4.3. Dissolved oxygen

3.4.4. Biofilm formation on biomedias

3.5. MBBR applications

3.5.1. MBBR application on organic matter removal

3.5.2. MBBR application on nitrogen removal (Nitrification/Denitrification)

3.5.3. Microscopic observations of the biofilm

3.6. Final considerations

3.7. References

Chapter 4. Aerobic granulation technology (Aerobic Granular Sludge) 

4.2. General characteristics of granular sludge technology

4.3. Aerobic grain formation process

4.4. Factors affecting aerobic granulation 

4.4.1. Settling time

4.4.2. Growth rate of microorganisms 

4.4.3. Feeding strategy

4.4.4. Dissolved oxygen and intensity of aeration 

4.4.6. Reactor configuration

4.4.7. Substrate composition and concentration (Applied Organic Load)

4.4.8. Sludge used as inoculum

4.4.9. Temperature 

4.4.10. pH

4.4.11. Adding divalent cations

4.5. Case studies involving the formation of aerobic grains

4.6. Conversion process in aerobic grains

4.8. Final considerations and future perspectives 

4.9. References

Chapter 5. New Processes to Nitrogen Biological Removal

5.1. Introduction

5.2. New processes for biological nitrogen removal

5.2.1. Introduction

5.2.2. Anammox process

5.3. Final considerations

5.6. References

Chapter 6. Molecular Biology Techniques Applied to the Study of Microbial Diversity Wastewater Treatment Systems

6.1. Introduction

6.1.1. Microbial diversity

6.1.2. Basic concepts of genetics

6.2. Principles and molecular biology techniques concepts applied to the study of microbial diversity

6.2.1. Introduction to molecular biology techniques

6.2.2. PCR

6.2.3. DGGE

6.2.4. Cloning and sequencing

6.2.5. FISH (Fluorescent hybridization in situ )

6.2.6. Alternative methods applied in the study of microbial diversity

6.2.7. Advanced and high-throughput sequencing methods

6.3. Application of molecular biology techniques in wastewater treatment

6.3.2. Application of molecular biology techniques to study microbial communities of wastewater treatment systems

6.4. Final considerations

6.5. References