Management of Greywater in Developing Countries: Alternative Practices, Treatment and Potential for

1 Qualitative Characterization of Household Greywater in Developing Countries: A Comprehensive Review - Al-Gheeti AA, Mohamed RMSR, Efaq AN, M.K. Amir Hashim 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Definition of Greywater 1.3 Sources and Quantity of Greywater in Developing Countries 1.4 Qualitative Characteristics of Household Greywater 1.4.1 General Composition 1.4.2 Physical Characteristics 1.4.3 Chemical Characteristics 1.4.3.1 Heavy Metals 1.4.3.2 Organic Micro-Pollutants (OMPs) in Greywater 1.4.4 Microbiological Characteristics 1.4.4.1 Indicator Bacteria 1.5 Conclusion 1.6 References

2 Consequences of Improper Disposal of Greywater - Efaq AN, Al-Gheethi AA, Mohamed RM, AbdulSamad Hazza'a, M.K. Amir Hashim 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Microbial Risks 2.3 Chemical Risks 2.3.1 Xenobiotic Organic Compounds (XOCs) 2.3.2 Eutrophication 2.3.3 Heavy Metals 2.4 Regulations for Discharge of Greywater 2.5 Conclusion 2.6 References
3 Determination of Pathogenic Organisms in Greywater - Al-Gheethi AA, Efaq AN, Mohamed RMSR, M.K. Amir Hashim 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Culture Based Methods 3.2.1 Dilution and Spread Plate Procedures 3.2.2 Membrane Filtration (MF) Methods 3.2.3 Enriched Method 3.2.4 Direct Isolation of Pathogenic Bacteria on Selective Media 3.3 Non-Culture Methods 3.3.1 Microscopic Detection 3.3.2 Molecular Methods 3.4 Pathogen Growth Potential (PGP) of Inactivated Pathogens in Treated Greywater 3.5 Conclusion 3.6 References
4 A Reuse of Greywater for Irrigation Purposes - Al-Gheethi AA, Mohamed RMSR, Efaq AN, M.K. Amir Hashim 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Adverse Effects of Heavy Metals on Plant Growth 4.3 Microbial Aspects of Reuse of Greywater in Agriculture 4.4 Regulations for Reuse of Greywater in Agriculture 4.5 Conclusion 4.6 References
5 A Potential Reuse of Greywater in Developed and Developing Countries - Mohamed RMSR, Al-Gheethi AA, M.K. Amir Hashim, Martin Anda, Stewart Dallas 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Weather of Perth, Australia, and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 5.3 Residential Water Consumption in Perth 5.4 Residential Water Consumption in Malaysia 5.5 Water Scarcity 5.5.1 Quantity Issues in Perth 5.5.2 Quality Issues in Malaysia 5.6 Greywater Treatment and Its Reuse Practice from a Global Perspective 5.6.1 Greywater Treatment and Its Reuse Practice in Perth, Western Australia 5.6.2 Greywater Treatment and Its Reuse Practice in Malaysia 5.7 Greywater Treatment as a Means of Pollution Control 5.8 Potential of Greywater Reuse in Malaysia 5.9 Juggling the Differences in Adopting the Good Practice 5.10 Institutional and Legal Issues 5.11 Conclusion 5.12 References
6 Management of Household Greywater (Storage and Treatment Technologies) - Al-Gheeti AA, Mohamed RMSR, Efaq AN, M.K. Amir Hashim 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Storage of Greywater 6.3 Treatment of Greywater 6.3.1 Conventional Treatment Methods 6.3.2 Constructed Wet Land System 6.3.3 Membrane Reactor System 6.3.4 Flocculation and Coagulation Process 6.4 Conclusion 6.5 References
7 Phycoremediation as a Green Technology for Removal of Nutrients from Greywater - Wurochekke AA, Mohamed RMSR, Al-Gheethi AA, Hauwa A, M.K. Amir Hashim 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Phycoremediation Process 7.2.1 Selection of Microalgae Species 7.2.2 Factors Affecting Phycoremediation Process 7.3 Removal Mechanism of Nutrients 7.4 Advantages of Phycoremediation 7.5 Microbiological Aspects of Phycoremediation 7.6 Conclusino 7.7 References
8 Bioremediation of Heavy Metals in Greywater - Al-Gheethi AA, Mohamed RMSR, Efaq AN, M.K. Amir Hashim 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Chemical Removal of Heavy Metals 8.3 Biological Removal of Heavy Metals 8.3.1 Selection of the Most Potent Microorganisms for Removal of Heavy Metals 8.3.2 Factors Affecting Heavy Metals Removal 8.3.3 Removal Mechanism of Heavy Metals by Microorganism 8.4 Conclusion 8.5 References
9 Disinfection Technologies for Household Greywater - Al-Gheethi AA, Mohamed RMSR, Efaq AN, M.K. Amir Hashim 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Chemical Disinfection Methods 9.2.1 Chlorination 9.2.2 Ozon