Environmental Engineering: Review for the Professional Engineering Examination

CHAPTER 1: WATER AND WASTEWATER..................................................................... 2

1.1 WATER RESOURCES PLANNING.............................................................. 2

1.1.1. Population Projection................................................................................................. 2

1.1.2. Legal Aspects of Water Rights.................................................................................. 3

1.1.3. Sources of Water....................................................................................................... 4

1.1.4. Uses of Water............................................................................................................ 4

1.1.5. Large-Scale Planning................................................................................................. 5

1.1.6. Other Factors in Planning.......................................................................................... 5

1.2. WATER DISTRIBUTION AND WASTEWATER COLLECTION............. 5

1.2.1. INTAKE OF WATER FOR DISTRIBUTION........................................................ 5

1.2.1.1. Transportation of Water..................................................................................... 6

1.2.2. WATER DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSPORTATION........................................ 8

1.2.2.1. Design of Hydraulic System.............................................................................. 9

1.2.2.2. Hydraulic Radius R Used for Non-Circular Conduits.................................... 10

1.2.3. WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEMS....................................................... 10

1.2.4. FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULICS...................................................... 12

1.2.4.1. Flow measurement devices:............................................................................. 12

1.2.5. FLUID FLOW IN PIPING SYSTEMS................................................................. 13

1.2.5.1. Computation of h_f, the Head Loss................................................................... 15

1.3. CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER AND WASTEWATER....................... 16

1.3.1. Chemical Types of Pollution.................................................................................... 16

1.3.2. Physical Types of Pollution..................................................................................... 17

1.3.3. Physiological Types of Pollution............................................................................. 18

1.3.4. Biological Types of Pollution.................................................................................. 19

1.4. CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL, AND BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF WATER QUALITY 19

1.4.1. Analysis of water and wastewater........................................................................... 19

1.4.2. SOLIDS CONTENT IN WASTEWATER............................................................ 20

1.4.3. Water Treatment...................................................................................................... 23

1.4.3.1. Sedimentation.................................................................................................. 23

1.4.3.2. Hardness.......................................................................................................... 26

1.4.3.3. Softening of hard water................................................................................... 27

1.4.3.4. Coagulation and Flocculation.......................................................................... 28

1.4.3.5. Mixing Processes............................................................................................. 29

1.4.3.6. Adsorption....................................................................................................... 32

1.4.3.7. Anaerobic Digester.......................................................................................... 43

Chapter 2. GROUNDWATER, SOILS, AND REMEDIATION..................................... 1

2.1. SOILS ........................................................................................................................... 3

2.2. FLOW FIELDS................................................................................................................. 3

2.3. WELLS IN AQUIFERS................................................................................................... 4

2.4. REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES.............................................................................. 5

2.4.1. Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids..................................................................................... 5

2.4.2. Pump and Treat Technology...................................................................................... 5

Chapter 3 Air...................................................................................................................... 2

3.1. Categories of air pollution................................................................................. 2

3.2. Harmful effects of air pollution......................................................................... 2

3.3. Codes, standards, regulations, and guidelines................................................... 3

3.4. Meteorology....................................................................................................... 4

3.5. Atmospheric chemistry...................................................................................... 6

3.6. Measuring air pollution...................................................................................... 8

3.7. Pollutant dispersion......................................................................................... 10

3.8. Risk management programs............................................................................. 12

3.9. Air transport systems....................................................................................... 13

3.10. Treatment technologies.................................................................................... 15

3.11. Odor generation and control............................................................................ 20

3.12. Preventing air pollution.................................................................................... 21

Chapter 4. Solid Waste....................................................................................................... 1

4.1. Sources of Solid Waste..................................................................................................... 1

4.2. Methods for the Disposal of Solid Wastes:....................................................................... 2

4.2.1. Sanitary Landfill........................................................................................................ 2

4.3. Site Selection..................................................................................................................... 3

4.3.1. Site Selection - Landfills.......................................................................................... 3

4.3.1.1. Objective Technical Factors............................................................................... 3

4.3.1.2. Social and Economic Factors............................................................................. 3

4.3.2. Operation of the Landfill.......................................................................................... 4

4.3.3. Water Balance in Landfills........................................................................................ 5

4.3.4. Leachate.................................................................................................................... 6

4.3.5. Landfill Gas............................................................................................................... 8

4.3.5.1. Upward movement of landfill gas the landfill cover:........................................ 8

4.3.5.2. Downward movement of CO₂........................................................................... 9

4.3.5.3. Use of Landfill Gas........................................................................................... 9

4.4. Recycling........................................................................................................................... 9

4.4.1. Paper........................................................................................................................ 10

4.4.2. Aluminum and Copper............................................................................................ 10

4.4.3. Ferrous Metals......................................................................................................... 10

4.4.4. Glass........................................................................................................................ 10

4.4.5. Plastics..................................................................................................................... 11

4.4.6. Used Tires................................................................................................................ 11

4.4.7. Construction and Demolition Wastes...................................................................... 11

4.4.8. Yard Waste.............................................................................................................. 11

4.4.9. Batteries................................................................................................................... 11

4.4.10. Waste Oil................................................................................................................. 11

4.5. Composting..................................................................................................................... 12

4.6. Incineration and Energy Recovery.................................................................................. 12

4.7. Solid Waste Collection and Storage................................................................................ 13

4.8. Regulations...................................................................................................................... 14

4.8.1. Solid Waste Legal Aspects...................................................................................... 14

4.8.2. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA).......................................................... 14

4.8.3. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) 15

4.8.4. Resource Conservation Recovery Act (RCRA)...................................................... 15

5.1. Definition and characterization of different types of hazardous waste............ 2

5.2. Sampling and measurement methods for hazardous waste............................... 4

5.3. Storage, collection, and transportation systems for hazardous waste............... 5

5.4. Minimization, reduction, and recycling of hazardous waste............................. 6

5.5. Treatment and disposal technologies for hazardous waste................................ 7

5.6. Management of radioactive and mixed wastes............................................... 10

Chapter 6 Environmental Assessments and Emergency Response.................................... 2

6.1. Site assessment.................................................................................................. 2

6.2. Hydrogeology.................................................................................................... 2

6.3. Historical considerations and land use practices............................................... 5

6.4. Fate, partitioning, and transport of pollutants................................................... 5

6.5. Industrial hygiene, health, and safety................................................................ 7

6.6. Security, emergency plans, and incident response procedures.......................... 8

6.7. Fundamentals of epidemiology and toxicology................................................ 9

6.8. Exposure assessment and risk characterization................................................ 10

6.9. Radiation protection (health physics).............................................................. 11

6.10. Vector control and sanitation, including biohazards....................................... 12

6.11. Noise pollution................................................................................................. 13

6.12. Indoor air quality............................................................................................. 14

Chapter 7 Error and Uncertainty in Environmental Measurements................................... 2

Exam 1 ........................................................................................................................... 1

Exam 1 Solutions..................................................................................................................... 20

Exam 2 ........................................................................................................................... 1

Exam 2 Solutions..................................................................................................................... 23