Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: Processing Methods and Environmental Impacts

 Introduction to lithium-ion batteries.- Development of battery-powered consumer electronics and electric vehicles.- Harmfulness of spent lithium-ion batteries.- Pretreatment of spent lithium-ion batteries for recycling.- Pyrometallurgical methods for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries.- Hydrometallurgical methods for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries.- Bio-hydrometallurgical methods for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries.- Direct recovery of materials from spent lithium-ion batteries.- High value-added products from recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries.- Impacts of the recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries on resources conservation.- Impacts of the recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries on environmentalburdens.- Remaining challenges and future perspectives on the recovery of spentlithium-ion batteries.