The Handbook of Political Behavior: Volume 2

1 Small Groups in Political Science: Perspectives on Significance and Stuckness.- Four Basic Small-Group Orientations: Tracing the Literature's Major Themes.- Social Facilitation or Inhibition: Better or Worse Performance in Groups?.- Social Attraction: How/Why Do I Love/Like You?.- Social Comparison: You're OK-How Am I?.- Social Control: How Are Individuals Tied into Broad Purposes?.- Some Small-Group Dimensions: Toward Differentiating the Species.- A Primer on What We Know about Central Properties: Components of a Small-Group Model.- Five Particulars Disregarding What We Know: Some Garden-Variety Misunderstandings.- Four Cases of Small Groups in Politics: Dynamics/Dimensions as Emergent/Contrived.- Groups as Engines of Conformity: Groupthink on Kennedy's "Best and Brightest" Team.- Groups as Supports for Deviant Voting Behavior: The Case of Republican Auto Workers.- Groups and One-to-One Control: A Runaway Norm on Nixon's "Young Team".- Groups and the Development of Truth-Seeking Norms: One Deliberate MARTA Intervention.- Overview of Significance and Stuckness: The Condition of Small-Group Analysis Today.- Elaborating on Past, Present, and Future Significance: What the Small Group Can Do for Political Scientists.- Understanding and Escaping Contemporary Stuckness: Whatever Happened to Small-Group Research?.- References.- 2 Government Learning: An Overview.- A Model for Theory Development: Medical Diagnosis Capability.- Overview and a Preliminary Caution.- Defining Learning.- Types of Individual Learning.- Organizational Learning.- Learning Agendas.- Normative Issues.- Trends.- Motivation and Cognition-Individual Bases.- Three Images of Individual Learning.- Selected Additional Issues.- Organizational Structure and Dynamics.- "Smart" Organization Theory.- Organizational Memory.- Qualitative Differences of Public Bureaucracies.- Intelligence Functions and Decision-Making Processes.- The Washington Political Environment.- The Structure of Time in Washington.- Lobbying.- Accountability and Review Systems: Legitimacy Trade-Offs.- News Media Effects.- Uniqueness and Self-Transforming Capacity.- Societal, World, and Historical Contexts.- Truth Theory.- Secularization and Orthodoxy Theories.- Government Learning: A Dependent Variable?.- Problem Types.- No Problem.- Technology-Dependent Problems.- Resource-Dependent Problems.- Known-Answer Problems.- Unproductively Conceptualized Problems.- Problems Amenable to Full Scientific Method.- Strong-Norm-System Problems.- Pluralist, Low-Norm-Salience or Rapid-Change Problems.- Forecasting with Uncertain Precedents.- Problems Unanswerable or Unposable from Brain Constraints.- Secrecy Penetration Problems.- Different People and Different Cultures Problems.- Time-Constraint Problems.- Incoherent-Policy Problems.- Diagnostic Repertoires.- Overview.- Illustrative Individual Diagnoses.- Concluding Reflections.- The Design of Institutional-Memory Capabilities.- Increasing Effective Transitions and Competence of Political Appointees.- Quality of Watchdog and Critic Systems.- Dependency Theory of Motivational Blockage.- Good Judgment.- Overload and How to Cope.- The Critique of Ideology and Overconfidence.- References.- 3 Political Violence: A Critical Evaluation.- Frequency of Conflict.- Overview.- Large-Scale Conflict.- Assassination.- Conflict in the United States.- Comment on Periodicity and Randomness.- Dimensions of Conflict.- Selected Studies.- A Typology Including Structural Violence.- Hypotheses About Violence.- The Feierabend Group.- Gurr.- Other Studies.- Summary.- Overall Conclusions: Macroanalyses.- Some Other Areas in the Study of Political Violence.- Concluding Comment.- References.- 4 Rationality and Collective-Choice Theory.- Rationality.- Individual and Collective Choice.- Axiomatic-Choice Theory.- Arrow's Social-Choice Theory.- Arrow's Conditions.- Arrow's Impossibility Theorem.- Probability of the Voter's Paradox.- Single-Peakedness and Value Restrictedness.- Preference Prior