A Practical Guide to Aerial Photography with an Introduction to Surveying

1. Trigonometry.- Angles and their Measurement.- Trigonometric Functions.- Using Tables of Trigonometric Functions.- Solution of Right Triangles.- Solution of Oblique Triangles.- "3, 4, 5" Triangles.- Computer Solution of Triangles.- 2. Some Practical Area and Volume Considerations.- Areas of Regular Figures.- Areas of Irregular Figures.- Areas of Circles and Circular Dimensions.- Areas with Curved or Irregular Boundaries.- Volume Calculations.- Areas and Volumes on the Computer.- 3. Surveying Accuracy and Precision.- Accuracy versus Precision.- Gauging Accuracy in Horizontal, Vertical, and Angular Measurements.- Techniques for Increasing Accuracy.- 4. Some Fundamentals of Photogrammetry.- Types of Aerial Photography.- Availability of Aerial Photographs.- Measurements on a Single Vertical Aerial Photograph.- Geometry and Viewing of Stereoscopic Pairs.- Vertical Measurements by the Parallax Method.- 5. Aerial Photography as a Surveying Tool.- Map Scale and North Direction.- Transferring Photographic Data to Planimetric Maps.- Other Uses of Aerial Photographs.- 6. Using Your Own Aerial Photography.- Photographs from Commercial Aerial Surveys.- Taking your own Photographs.- Aerial Photographs with a Hand-Held Camera.- Working with Oblique Aerial Photography.- 7. Some Fundamentals of Surveying.- Distance Measurements.- Angle Measurements.- Leveling.- 8. Project Layout and Planning.- Locating a Structure on a Plot.- Squaring up and Checking Foundation Layouts.- Establishing Elevations and Preserving Corner Locations.- Earthwork.- Route Surveys.- Layout of Curves.- 9. Map Surveying.- Control.- Planimetric Mapping.- Topographic Mapping.- Profiles from Topographic Maps.- Uses of Contour Lines.- Appendix A.- Table A-1. Natural Sines and Cosines.- Table A-2. Natural Tangents and Cotangents.- Table A-3. Stadia Reduction Tables.- Table A-4. Tangents and External Distances for Circular Curves.- Table A-5. Direction of Angle a and Distance r from PI to First (or Third) Quarter Point of a Circular Curve.- Appendix B.- Instructions for Using Computer Programs.- Appendix C.- Trigonometric Formulae (Right Triangles).- Trigonometric Formulae (Oblique Triangles).- Appendix D.- Table D-1. Converting Inches into Decimals of a Foot.- Table D-2. Minutes of Arc in Decimals of a Degree.- Table D-3. Decimal Equivalents of Inch Fractions.- Table D-4. Ground Distances at Various Map Scales.- Table D-5. Conversion Factors.- Appendix E.- 1. Geometric Field Constructions.- 2. Some Additional Field Techniques with a Transit.- Appendix F.- True North Versus Magnetic North.- Useful References.