Understanding Fever and Body Temperature: A Cross-disciplinary Approach to Clinical Practice

Table of Contents.About the Authors.Foreword.Acknowledgements.Chapter 1: Introduction to Understanding Fever and Body Temperature.Chapter 2: History of Body Temperature.Ancient times-An Imbalance in Bodily FluidsSeventeenth Century-Accumulations of Waste Products and FermentationEighteenth Century-Thermoregulation and the Natural Phases of FeverNineteenth Century-Medical Thermometers and "Fever Hospitals"Twentieth Century-A Scientific Approach to Fever, Microorganisms, and ThermoregulationTwenty-First Century-Interventions in Fever-Has Anything Changed?HypothermiaReflectionsReferencesChapter 3: History of the Thermometer.ThermoscopyThe ThermometerThe Fahrenheit ScaleThe Centigrade ScaleThe Kelvin ScaleThermocouplesTympanic Membrane RadiometryClinical ThermometryThe Clinical ThermometerNon-Contact Temperature MeasurementReflectionsReferencesChapter 4: Technical Accuracy.CalibrationTraceability, Accreditation, ITS-90 and StandardsClinical ThermometersGeneral Principles of OperationOther Factors Affecting MeasurementTypes of ThermometersReflectionsReferencesChapter 5: Thermoregulation of the Human Body.Heat Production and Heat LossHeat TransferRadiationConductionConvectionEvaporationPhysiology of ThermoregulationThermoreceptorsSet Point or Thermoeffector Threshold ZoneHow to Maintain Normal Body TemperatureCardio Vascular SystemSudomotor ControlMetabolismFactors Affecting Body TemperatureAge and Gender DifferencesAlterations in Body Temperature-Hyperthermia and HypothermiaReflectionsGeneral ReferencesSpecific ReferencesChapter 6: Physiological and Immunological Activity.Physiological and Immunological Function of the Immune SystemInflammatory Activity Within InfectionsCells of the Immune SystemCells in the Innate Immune SystemCells in the Adaptive Immune SystemImmunoglobulinsCytokinesPro-Inflammatory CytokinesCytonkines as REgulatros of Lymphocyte Activation, Growth, and DifferentiationAnti-Inflammatory CytokinesCytokines with Both Pro-Inflammation and Anti-Inflammation ActivityImmunological Activity During PregnancyThe Competent SystemAcute Phase ProteinsPyrogenic ActivityFever PhasesReflectionsGeneral ReferencesSpecific ReferencesChapter 7: Assessment and Evaluation of Body Temperature.Normal Body TemperatureDifferences Between IndividualsGenderAgeDifferences within Individuals-Temperature Gradients Within the BodyMeasurement of Body TemperatureSite of MeasurementThe Rectal SiteThe Oral SiteThe Auxillary SiteThe Ear SiteThe Temporal Artery Site (Forehead)ReflectionsReferencesChapter 8: Physiological and Inflammatory Activity in Various Conditions.HypersensitivityAutoimmune DiseasesAutoinflammatory DiseasesImmunodeficiencyMalignanciesMetabolic and Endocrine DisorderDiabetesAtherosclerosisInflammation and PainTrauma, Neurodegenerative Disorders and Post-Operative Conditions Following SurgeryInflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory DrugsReflectionsGeneral ReferencesSpecific ReferencesChapter 9: Clinical Implications.The Adaptive Value of Elevated Body TemperaturePerceptions of FeverFever and Symptoms of IllnessAntipyresisAntipyreticsPhysical AnipyresisShiveringFever in the Critically IllFever in Frail, Elderly IndividualsFever in ChildrenAntipyresis in ChildrenFebrile SeizuresHyperthermiaHypothermiaTherapeutic HypothermiaPractical Guidelines when Assessing Body TemperatureReflectionsSpecific ReferencesChapter 10: Conclusions.Index.