Conformance Checking and Diagnosis in Process Mining: Comparing Observed and Modeled Processes

Introduction.- 1.1 Processes, Models, and Data.- 1.2 Process Mining.- 1.3 Conformance Checking Explained: The University Case.- 1.4 Book Outline.- Part I Conformance Checking in Process Mining.- 2 Conformance Checking and its Challenges.- 2.1 The Role of Process Models in Conformance Checking.- 2.2 Dimensions of Conformance Checking.- 2.3 Replay-based and Align-based Conformance Checking.- 2.4 Challenges of Conformance Checking.- 3 Conformance Checking and its Elements.- 3.1 Basic Notations.- 3.2 Event Log.- 3.3 Process Models.- 3.4 Process Modeling Formalisms.- 3.4.1 Petri Nets.- 3.4.2 Workflow Nets.- 3.4.3 Other Formalisms.- Part II Precision in Conformance Checking.- 4 Precision in Conformance Checking.- 4.1 Precision: The Forgotten Dimension.- 4.2 The Importance of Precision.- 4.3 Measures of Precision.- 4.4 Requirements for Precision.- 5 Measuring Precision.- 5.1 Precision based on Escaping Arcs.- 5.2 Constructing the Observed Behavior.- 5.3 Incorporating Modeled Behavior.- 5.4 Detecting Escaping Arcs and Evaluating Precision.- 5.5 Minimal Imprecise Traces.- 5.6 Limitations and Extensions.- 5.6.1 Unfitting Scenario.- 5.6.2 Indeterministic Scenario.- 5.7 Summary.- 6 Evaluating Precision in Practice.- 6.1 The University Case: The Appeals Process.- 6.2 Experimental Evaluation.- 7 Handling Noise and Incompleteness.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Robustness on the Precision.- 7.3 Confidence on Precision.-7.3.1 Upper Confidence Value.- 7.3.2 Lower Confidence Value.- 7.4 Experimental Results.- 7.5 Summary.- 8 Assessing Severity.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Severity of an Escaping Arc.- 8.2.1 Weight of an Escaping Arc.- 8.2.2 Alternation of an Escaping Arc.- 8.2.3 Stability of an Escaping Arc.- 8.2.4 Criticality of an Escaping Arc.- 8.2.5 Visualizing the Severity.- 8.2.6 Addressing Precision Issues based on Severity.- 8.3 Experimental Results.- 8.4 Summary.- 9 Handling non-Fitness.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Cost-Optimal Alignment.- 9.3 Precision based on Alignments.- 9.4 Precision from 1-Alignment.- 9.5 Summary.- 10 Alternative and Variants to Handle non-Fitness.- 10.1 Precision from All-Alignment.- 10.2 Precision from Representative-Alignment.- 10.3 Abstractions for the Precision based on Alignments.- 10.3.1 Abstraction on the Order.- 10.3.2 Abstraction on the Direction.- 10.4 Summary.- 11 Handling non-Fitness in Practice.- 11.1 The University Case: The Exchange Process.- 11.2 Experimental Results.- Part III Decomposition in Conformance Checking.- 12 Decomposing Conformance Checking. -12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Single-Entry Single-Exit and Refined Process Structure Tree.- 12.3 Decomposing Conformance Checking using SESEs.- 12.4 Summary.- 13 Decomposing for Fitness Checking.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Bridging a Valid Decomposition.- 13.3 Decomposition with invisible/duplicates.- 13.4 Summary.- 14 Decomposing Conformance Checking in Practice.- 14.1 The Bank Case: The Transaction Process.- 14.2 Experimental Results.- 15 Diagnosing Conformance.- 15.1 Introduction.- 15.2 Topological Conformance Diagnosis.- 15.3 Multi-level Conformance Diagnosis and its Applications.- 15.3.1 Stand-alone Checking.- 15.3.2 Multi-Level Analysis.- 15.3.3 Filtering.- 15.4 Experimental Results.- 15.5 Summary.- 16 Data-aware Processes and Alignments.- 16.1 Introduction.- 16.2 Data-aware Processes.- 16.2.1 Petri nets with Data.- 16.2.2 Event Logs and Relating Models to Event Logs.- 16.2.3 Data Alignments.- 16.3 Summary.- 17 Decomposing Data-aware Conformance.- 17.1 Introduction.- 17.2 Valid Decomposition of Data-aware Models.- 17.3 SESE-based Strategy for a Valid Decomposition.- 17.4 Implementation and Experimental Results.- 17.5 Summary.- 18 Event-based Real-time Decomposed Conformance Checking.- 18.1 Introduction.- 18.2 Event-based Real-time Decomposed Conformance.- 18.2.1 Model and Log Decomposition.- 18.2.2 Event-based Heuristic Replay.- 18.3 Experimental Results.- 18.4 Summary.- Part IV Conclusions and Future Work.- 19 Conclusions.- 19.1 Conclusion and Reflection.- 19.