Cultural and Linguistic Minorities in the Russian Federation and the European Union: Comparative Stu

Part I Languages, identities and human rights 1. Change and maintenance of Plurilingualism in the Russian Federation and the European Union by Janne Saarikivi and Reetta Toivanen.- 1.1 Plurilingualism at the Threshold of the 21st Century.- 1.1.1 Plurilinguistic Variation as an Object of Scientific Investigation.- 1.1.2 Linguistic Variation in Language Attrition and Shift Situations.- 1.1.3 Consequences of Language Loss.- 1.1.4 Language Loss-Why Should Anyone Care?.- 1.1.5 Politicizing the Minority Language Issue.- 1.2 The European Union and Russian Federation as Multilingual Regions.- 1.2.1 The Present-day Linguistic Multitude.- 1.2.2 Counting Minorities and Defining Languages.- 1.2.3 Ideological Background of the Prevailing Linguistic Situation.- 1.2.4 European Language Nationalism and its Russian Variant.- 1.2.5 New Regionalisms.- References.- 2. The Global Extinction of Languages and its Consequences for Cultural Diversity by Suzanne Romaine.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Human Rights and Linguistic Human Rights.- 2.3 Why Language Matters.- 2.4 Conclusion.- References.- 3. The Death of Languages; the Death of Minority Cultures; the Death of a People's Dignity by Theodore S. Orlin.- 3.1 Introduction: The Human Rights Dimension to the Loss of Language.- 3.2 Nationalism, Language and the Nation-state-The Political Thirst for Linguistic Purity.- 3.3 The Development of Minority Protection as a Legal Obligation.- 3.4 The Case for the Destruction of Language as an Example of "Cultural Genocide" or "Ethnocide".- 3.5 The Development of Human Rights Law as a Means of Protecting MinorityIinterests-From the Charter of the United Nations to the Creation of Treaty Monitoring Bodies.- 3.5.1 Charter of the United Nations.- 3.5.2 Universal Declaration of Human Rights.- 3.5.3 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.- 3.5.4 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.- 3.5.5 Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities (1992).- 3.6 The Protection Afforded via the European System for the Protection of Human Rights.- 3.6.1 European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (1992).- 6.2 European Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, 1995.- 3.6.3 The Helsinki Accords and the Subsequent Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe Documents.- 3.7 ILO Convention No. 169-Convention Concerning.- Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries (1989).- 3.8 Conclusion.- References.- Part II Case Studies on Cultural Change and Minority Language Maintenance: 4. Obstacles and Successes by Reetta Toivanen.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 The Ham in a Sandwich-Minority Activists.- 4.3 The Sorbian Minority in Easternmost Germany.- 4.4 The Sámi in the Finnish Context.- 4.5 Activists and Claims for Recognition.- 4.6 Concrete Examples of Language Activism Today and Obstacles to them.- 4.7 Discussion.- References.- 5. Fallen ill in Political Draughts by Indrek Jääts.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 A Peasant Vernacular under Tsarist Rule.- 5.3 A Fluttering Takeoff-Increase in the Social Status of Komi-Permyak in the 1920s and 1930s.- 5.4 Abrupt Setbacks and Steady Decline: 1937-1989.- 5.5 A new Beginning? 1989-2012.- 5.5.1 Demography.- 5.5.2 Ethnic Identity.- 5.5.3 The Legal Status of the Language.- 5.5.4 Fields of use.- 5.6 Concluding Remarks.- References.- 6. Finnic Minorities of Ingria by Natalia Kuznetsova, Elena Markus and Mehmed Muslimov.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Dialectal Structure and Historical Contacts.- 6.2.1 Votic.- 6.2.2 Ingrian.- 6.2.3 Ingrian Finnish.- 6.3 Present situation.- 6.3.1 Votic.- 6.3.2 Ingrian.- 6.3.3 Ingrian Finnish.- 6.4 Historical Background of the Present Situation.- 6.5 Language Maintenance.- 6.5.1 Votic.- 6.5.2 Ingrian.- 6.5.3 Ingrian Finnish.- 6.6 Conclusions.- 6.6.1 Ingria as a Whole.- 6.6.2 Votic.- 6.6.3 Ingrian.- 6.6.4 Ingrian Finnish.- References.- 7. The Challenge of Language by Lennard Sillanpää.- 7.1 Setting for the Survey.- 7.2 Administration of the Survey.- 7.3 The Minority Situation and Indigenous Cultural Revival.- 7.3.1 Relationship with other Cultures in the Region.- 7.3.2 Revival of Indigenous Religion, Skills and Culture.- 7.4 Status of Ancestral Language.- 7.4.1 Ancestral Language within Community.- 7.4.2 Teaching of Ancestral Language in Schools.- 7.4.3 Summary.- 7.5 Responding to the Challenge of Cultural Survival.- References.- 8. Uneven Steps to Literacy by Florian Siegl and Michael Rießler.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Current Language Landscapes.- 8.2.1 Current Kildin Sámi Language Landscapes.- 8.2.2 Current Skolt Sámi Language Landscapes.- 8.2.3 Current Forest Enets Language Landscapes.- 8.2.4 Current Dolgan Language Landscapes.- 8.3 Priests, Communists, Revitalizers-The Multiple Fractured History of Literacy Creation in the Russian Minority Context.- 8.3.1 The Starting Position-Religiously Driven Attempts to Create Literacy.- 8.3.2 Language Planning for the "Less-numerous Peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East".- 8.3.3 The Latin-based Period.- 8.3.4 Back-transition from Latin to Cyrillic and Final Prohibition.- 8.3.5 Re-literarization and new Language Planning during Perestroika.- 8.4 How Dolgan and Forest Enets became Written Languages-Comparative Case Studies.- 8.4.1 The Dolgan way to Literacy.- 8.4.2 The Forest Enets way to Literacy.- 8.5 Comparison and Discussion-Who Creates Literacy for Whom and How?.- 8.5.1 Native and Non-native Specialists.- 8.5.2 Research Infrastructure for Language Planning.- 8.5.3 Publishers of Educational Material.- 8.5.4 The Conceptualization of Teaching Materials.- 8.6 Evaluation and Conclusion-What are the Actual Results of Literacy Creation for Dolgan, Forest Enets and Kola Sámi?.- 8.6.1 Evaluation: Dolgan vs. Forest Enets.- 8.6.2 Evaluation: Kildin vs. Skolt.- 8.6.3 General Conclusion.- References.- Part III Why some Languages Survive. On Language Laws, Policies and Changing Attitudes.- 9. Explaining Language Loss by Ekaterina Gruzdeva.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Nivkh Traditional Culture.- 9.3 Historical and Socioeconomic Background.- 9.4 Literacy and Education.- 9.5 The Study of the Language.- 9.6 Language Situation.- 9.7 Conclusion.- References.- 10. Parliamentary Structures and their Impact on Empowering Minority Language Communities by Heiko F. Marten.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Parliaments and Languages-Functions and Roles.- 10.3 Prototypical Examples of Regionalism and their Impact on Minority Languages.- 10.3.1 The Sameting in Norway-A Minority Assembly Paving the way for new Policies.- 10.3.2 The Scottish Parliament: Gaelic Embraced as a Distinctive Marker of Regional Identity.- 10.3.3 The German Länder-Minority Issues in Regional Parliaments where the Minority is not at the Heart of the Region's Identity.- 10.3.4 South Tyrol-Long-term Experience with Autonomy which Reverses Minority and Majority.- 10.3.5 Latgalian in Latvia-How a Lack of Regional Parliamentarism Affects a Regional Language.- 10.4 Conclusion-How can Parliamentary Decentralization Contribute to the Wellbeing of Minority Languages?.- References.- 11. Evolution of Language Ideology in Post-Soviet Russia by Konstantin Zamyatin.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Russia's Language Ideology in the 1990s-Contradictions and their Implications.- 11.2.1 The Soviet Legacies and new Western Imports in Russia's Language Ideology.- 11.2.2 Hierarchy or Equality of Languages?.- 11.2.3 Bilingualism and Multilingualism as a Goal or a Result of the Policy?.- 11.2.4 State Languages as a Part of Nation-building or State-building? .- 11.2.5 Official Status as the Means of Language Promotion?.- 11.3 Official Status of Languages and Russia's Language Policy.- 11.3.1 Russia's Federal Design and Asymmetrical Status of Languages.- 11.3.2 The Scope of Official Bilingualism in the Republics.- 11.3.3 Co-official Status as an Obstacle for Implementation.- 11.3.4 Language Ideology at the Regional Level-the Finno-Ugric Republics.- 11.4 Russia's Language Ideology after 2000-"Unity in Variety"?.- 11.4.1 Russia's Nation-building Agenda, Nationalities and Language Policy.- 11.4.2 Overcoming the Contradictions in Language Ideology.- 11.4.3 Valorization of the Russian Language.- 11.5 Conclusion.- References.- 12. The Impact of Language Policy on Language Revitalization by Xabier Arzoz.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 The Spanish Linguistic Model.- 12.3 The Basque Country and its Language.- 12.4 Basque Language Policy-A Combination of Rights and Planning.- 12.5 Language Policy in the Field of Education.- 12.6 Basquization of Public Servants.- 12.7 Explaining the Impact.- 12.8 Lessons for the Russian Federation.- References.- A List of Relevant Agreements, Charters, Conventions, Declarations, Legal acts, Protocols, Treaties and Other Official Documents.- A.1 International.- A.2 European and Russian.- A.3 List of Russian Regional Documents