The Expression of Knowledge: Neurobehavioral Transformations of Information into Action

'1 The Problem of Expression.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Knowledge.- 3. Assessing Knowledge.- 4. What Determines Expression?.- 5. Examples of the Problem.- 5.1. Normal Dissociation of Verbal Reports from Other Behaviors.- 5.2. Amnesia.- 5.3. Blindsight.- 5.4. Normal Human Learning and Retention.- 5.5. Normals Can Be like Amnesics in Dissociating Their Modes of Expression.- 5.6. Source Amnesia.- 5.7. Expression during Infancy.- 5.8. Infantile Amnesia.- 5.9. Expression of Knowledge in Animals.- 6. Retrieval of Memories.- 6.1. How Are Memories Retrieved?.- 6.2. Process Interference: Summary.- 7. References.- 2 Memory, Amnesia, and the Episodic/Semantic Distinction.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Episodic and Semantic Memory.- 3. Organic Amnesia.- 3.1. Retention of Recently Acquired Information.- 3.2. Acquisition and Retention of Skills.- 3.3. Organic Amnesia and the Episodic/Semantic Distinction.- 4. Hypnotic Amnesia.- 4.1. Source Amnesia.- 4.2. The Hull Studies: Evidence for the Acquisition of Skills.- 4.3. Hypnotic Amnesia and the Episodic/Semantic Distinction.- 5. Functional Retrograde Amnesia.- 5.1. Episodic/Semantic Dissociation: An Experiment with an N of l.- 6. Concluding Comments.- 6.1. Dissociation between Systems or Loss of Information?.- 6.2. How Many Memory Systems?.- 7. References.- 3 A Conditioning Analysis of Infant Memory: How Do We Know They Know What We Know They Knew?.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Inference of Memory Processing and Retention.- 2.1. Methodologies.- 2.2. Direct and Implicit Tests of Infant Visual Recognition Memory.- 2.3. Summary.- 3. A Conditioning Analysis of Infant Memory.- 3.1. Methodology.- 3.2. Initial Tests of Retention.- 4. Forgotten But Not Gone: The Reactivation of Infant Memory.- 4.1. Methodology.- 4.2. Analysis of Reactivation Effects.- 5. Summary and Conclusions.- 5.1. The Utility of Using Motivated Infants.- 5.2. The Organization of Infant Memory.- 5.3. The Significance of Reactivation for Theories of Development.- 6. References.- 4 Memory Retrieval Failures Produced by Changes in Drug State.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Common Drug Effects on Learning and Retention.- 2.1. Impairment of Memorization.- 2.2. Drug-Induced Retrieval Deficits.- 2.3. Drug Impairment of Performance.- 2.4. State-Dependent Retrieval.- 2.5. Combined Effects.- 2.6. Drug Discrimination Performance.- 3. A Conceptual History of State-Dependent Retrieval.- 3.1. Early Drug SDR Experiments.- 3.2. Contextual Stimulus Effects on Retrieval: Early Experiments.- 3.3. Neurological Theories of SDR.- 3.4. Early Drug-Discrimination Experiments.- 3.5. Sensory Interpretations of DDs and SDR.- 3.6. Experimental Tests of Sensory Models for DDs.- 3.7. Logical Positivism as Applied to DDs.- 3.8. Relationship of SDR to DDs.- 3.9. Status circa 1970.- 4. Recent Evidence about the Mechanism of SDR and DDS.- 4.1. Multiplicity of Drug States.- 4.2. Robustness of SDR.- 4.3. Contextual Stimuli: Recent Experiments.- 4.4. Threshold Dosages for SDR and DDs.- 4.5. Summary.- 5. References.- 5 Neuropeptides and Memory.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Terminology and Methodology.- 2. Pro-opio-melanocortin fragments, Memory, and Cognition.- 2.1. Pro-opio-melanocortin Fragments in the Pituitary and the Brain.- 2.2. ACTH-Related Peptides and Memory.- 2.3. Effects of ?-endorphin and Fragments on Consolidation and Retrieval of Memory and on Problem-Solving Behavior.- 2.4. The ?-MSH: A Functional Antagonist of Endorphins and ACTH-Related Peptides on Memory Processes?.- 2.5. Multiplicity of Behavioral Information in Pro-opio-melanocortin: An Integration.- 2.6. Pro-opio-melanocortin Fragments, Memory, and Cognition in Man.- 3. Hypothalamic Neurosecretory Peptides in Memory and Cognition.- 3.1. Vasopressin and Oxytocin Affect Consolidation and Retrieval of Memory.- 3.2. Antiamnesic Effect of Vasopressin in the Rat.- 3.3. Vasopressin, Oxytocin, and Memory Processes: Localization of the Eff