Analyzing Rational Crime - Models and Methods

Introduction: The rationality perspective in modern criminology. Problems of perspective. Purpose and organization of this book. I: Single Choices. General Theoretical Presuppositions. 1. The Assumption of Rationality. The general meaning of rationality. Rationality in a broad sense. The concept of rationality used in this book. 2. Rational Decisions under Conditions of Risk. Focusing on individual's decisions under conditions of risk. The concept of utility. The von-Neumann-Morgenstern theory of maximization of expected utility. Maximization of expected 'riskless' utility. The basic model of the choice to commit or not to commit a crime. 3. Descriptive Validity of the Rationality Theories of Expected Utility Maximization. Introduction. Judgment mechanisms. Maximization of expected von-Neumann-Morgenstern utility. Prospect theory and the use of reference points. Some comments on research methods. What choices are the result of decisions? Why use the rational-choice approach? 4. Interpersonal Comparison of Utility. A fundamental problem. The significance of utility's metrical properties. Using relativized utility to solve the problem. Analyses. 5. Previous Research. Introduction. Theoretical research. Experimental research. Nonexperimental empirical research. Some summarizing comments. 6. Research Strategies. Introduction. Examining or not examining indifferences in choices. Choosing a dependent factor in the indifference approach. The eclectic nature of existing empirical research. Determining utility. Interpersonal comparability. 7. Analyzing the Bivariate Linear Relationships between Choice and Punishment Factors. Numerical examples of the relationships. Discussion. 8. Experimental Analysis. Introduction. General advantages and disadvantages of the experimental approach. Drawing conclusionsabout rationality. Critique and a suggestion. 9. Nonexperimental Analysis. Introduction. Distortion of retrospective information. Measuring all independent factors. Recommendations. II: Aggregated Choices. General Theoretical Presuppositions. 10. Applying the Rationality Model to Individual Criminality. Introduction. Constructing a model under simplistic premises. Creation of decision situations. Learning, planning and rationality. 11. Rationality and Proneness to Taking Risks. Systematic deviations from rationality. Is there a general proneness to taking risks? Individual risk-taking in groups and group risk-taking. 12. Societal Crime. Introduction. Holistic explanation and the complexity of social context. Ideal and actual possibilities: strategies for forming an applicable theory. Robustness of rationality theories. Analyses. 13. Previous Research on Individual Criminality. Introduction. Noneconomic research that explicitly applies the rationality assumption. Does nonrationality cause criminality? Relationship with proneness to risk-taking. Conclusions. 14. Previous Research on Societal Crime. Introduction. Economic theory: Becker and Ehrlich. Noneconomic deterrence research. Research combining environmental and rational choice aspects. Conclusions. 15. An Aggregation Model. Introduction. Relationships at the aggregate level. Some practical considerations and conclusions. 16. Basing the Analysis on Crime Opportunity and Crime Propensity Factors. Introduction. Individual criminality. A general model of a society's theft rate. Operationalized models. Ideals of the rational choice approach to the realistic possibilities. Summary and Conclusions. References. Appendix 1: A General Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Outcomes Util