Gang Transitions and Transformations in an International Context

Introduction.- Part I. Gang Participation and Impacts on Individual Behavior.- Street Gang Variations in Two US Cities.- Micro-Place Disorder, Subjective Powerlessness, and Violent Youth Group Involvement in Antwerp.- Fear and Reciprocity: Comparing Gangs in Brussels and Caracas.- Multiple and Intense Offending Among German Youth.- Gang Youth and Friendship Networks in California Correctional Facilities.- Israeli and US Gangs in the Virtual World.- Part II: Transitions and Gang Transformations.- Motivations for Leaving Gangs in the US.- The Transformation of the Crips in the Netherlands.- How Norwegian Violent Youth Groups and Gangs Fall Apart.- How Do Perceived Discrimination, Perceived Injustice, and Thrill-Seeking Translate into Right Wing Disruptive Group Involvement in Flanders.- Youth Gang Members' Transitions in the US.- Part III: Fostering Gang Transition and Transformation: Strategies for Intervention and Prevention.- Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Evaluations of Gang Interventions in N. America.- Responding to Dutch Gangs with Role Models.- Collaboration as Usual in Sweden.- Intelligence Led Response to Swedish Street Gangs and its Consequences.- Pulling Levels on Gang Violence in London and St. Paul.- Part IV: Conclusions and Directions for Future Research.